Numerous poems Essay

Numerous poems tackle the theme of loneliness using invented or any of the variety of available poetic forms. Most often, the feeling is expressed through either a single and extended metaphor or through a number of interconnected imageries with the purpose of creating a tight and unified construction that would arouse the reader’s empathy towards the poem’s meaning. In poems like these, the focus is the metaphors used to put the theme across. The form is also important, but secondary to content. However, for other poets meaning can be conveyed equally by both content and form. For e. e. cumming, the form can even dictate the metaphor. His post-modernist poem â€Å"leaf falls on loneliness† illustrates how structure can be used to communicate the meaning of a poem even more that its metaphor, thus evoking varied and more vast experiences with the reading. The nine-line poem consists of one to five letters per line. Seven lines are made up of two letters each, one line has three letters, while the longest final line has five. The entire poem spells out the word â€Å"loneliness†. The word is interrupted, however, by a phrase written inside a parenthesis: â€Å"a leaf falls†. The interruption occurs after the first letter, cutting off the letter â€Å"l† from the rest of the word. The irregularity in the grouping of letters is not arbitrary. The form of the poem obviously seeks to approximate the fall of a leaf. One could imagine the leaf as it sways from side to side, then twirls in space looking like a narrow spinning band, until it eventually rests flat on the ground during the poem’s longest final line. The visual fall makes the reader understand the poem’s metaphor: loneliness, like a falling leaf, is a sinking feeling. The image of a falling leaf is a cliche but e. e. cummings makes his poem different not only by employing a unique structure scheme but also by putting both the metaphorical image and the theme stated plainly together in the poem. A greeting card or an amateur exposition would attempt to define the word â€Å"loneliness†. An inferior poet would only focus on the â€Å"falling leaf† metaphor and wax poetic about the possible meanings behind the image. Cummings put both together and in the process does not only call the reader’s attention to the connection of the words with the image but, because of the placement of the letters, raises other points of discussion. For instance, the detachment of the letter â€Å"l† from the word â€Å"loneliness† only means that to be lonely means to be detached from the rest of humanity as much as a falling leaf gets detached from the rest of the leaves in a branch. This is further emphasized with the parenthesis, another symbol of breaking-off one part from the whole where it came from. Still another interpretation for the interruption may be that the feeling of loneliness occurs when one’s life is interrupted by the sight of a falling leaf, which is a metaphor for many sad things in life. Also, the letter â€Å"l† in the first line, which reappears on the eighth line, may also be read as the number one, a solitary figure. A lonely person feels alone. Finally, the poem’s form and metaphors bring upon the reader’s mind other images of loneliness. The metaphor of the falling leaf recalls autumn with its falling leaves, people at the brink of death or snow on a bleak winter’s night falling on a desolate landscape. All these pictures are used in many poems expounding on the same theme and all these associations will be awakened within the reader because while the poem is sparse, it has the ability to involve the reader to deep thought. Meanwhile, the slimness of the poem evokes the briefness of life. At the same time, it could mean the fluid downward movement of life, after one has passed the prime of life, the individual slows down to old age until he dies, and nothing would remain eventually. At first glance, the disinterested reader may think that e. e. cummings has employed gimmickry with â€Å"leaf falls on loneliness. † Closer inspection and repeated readings would prove, however, that unlike most poems whose beauty rests on the metaphors used in the lines, the form of a poem can also be exploited to be the metaphor itself. It can elicit so many associations, making the reading more profound as when one tries to make meanings out of words in another poem. Cumming’s poem is a great example of how form can also dictate the beauty of a poem.

Film Opinion Essay

When I decide to drive to the movie theater or to sit down and enjoy a film, several factors play in my choice of movie. Most of the time, it depends on the mood that I am in. Am I in the mood for something light and funny? Or do I want to submerge myself into a detail-oriented film such as Inception? I take into consideration whether I have enjoyed the actors in previous films, and if I think they will provide the entertainment I am looking for. Has the trailer engaged me long enough to make me interested in the film? Or has the advertising flooded me with information that makes me feel as though the film will be another flop and not worth my time? These are all questions I ask myself when I start to think about watching a movie. Generally, I don’t take movie critic reviews into consideration because I have been disappointed several times in the past, but I will listen to what friends have to say about their experience with the movie. I enjoy most films across all genres. I enjoy when the stories are detailed, and provide a history of the characters, whether through flashbacks or dialogue. I prefer comedies to be humorously dark, sarcastic, or dry. With dramas or action flicks, I prefer for the protagonist to have some tragic faults that lead to their outcome or victory to be sweeter or to justify a better cause than them. I enjoy dialogue-heavy films with actors who can portray the character in a way that makes me believe in them. The recent run of comic-based movies is thoroughly enjoyable to me, due to the rich storytelling and deep backstories from the comic books that the movies accompany. Seeing those characters given life by actors that pull off the mannerisms and attitudes helps ensnare new fans into the world of comics. Science fiction films draw me in because I have always been intrigued by the idea that our technological advancement will eventually cause issues that could lead to humanity’s downfall. When I can watch movies over and over again and find new, interesting subplots or Easter eggs, it makes the experience more rewarding. I do not enjoy films with plotlines that do not make sense, create a story too difficult for the medium to translate properly for the audience, or when movies start plotlines but do not see them through. When watching horror films, slasher films do not pique my interest as much as psychological or religious horror films do. I try to stay away from the general run of the mill action films that come out every summer, that tend to have the same formula as a lot of other action movies. In rare instances, the soundtrack of a film will turn me away if it does not fit the mood and movement of the film. This makes them very predictable and unenjoyable to me. I also find it difficult to watch movies that are based on books but take too many liberties and do not follow the book’s storyline. All in all, I enjoy watching movies and do so several times a week if I have the time. Whether it be new films or favorites that I have watched many times, it is always good to escape from reality for a short time and to relax. Movies have always been a good conversation piece for my circle of friends, and are usually what we choose to do when we get together. I find that I have no problem sitting down and starting any movie at home to see if it will capture my interest, but when it comes to paying for a ticket, I am more picky because I do not want to feel as though I wasted my money.

5 Parts of the Writing Process Essay Example for Free

5 Parts of the Writing Process Essay ? 1. Pre-Writing – Before you sit down to write something, you need to figure out what you are going to write about. 2. Drafting – Once you have planned out your ideas, the next step is to start drafting, or writing. 3. Revising – When you revise, you are looking at the parts of your document and making sure that each part works together to make a coherent whole. 4. Proofreading – When a person is finished the â€Å"writing† step of the process and have revised your work, then it is up to the writer to take a step back and look at the writing for errors and correct them. 5. Delivering – Delivering in its simplest form refers to a text that is meant to be read to an audience. 5 Resources to Help You Improve Your WritingSkills 1. Writing Clearly: A Self-Teaching Guide by Dawn B. Sova With Writing Clearly: A Self-Teaching Guide, you’ll discover the answers to these questions and many more about the basics of communicating effectively through the written word. Each chapter in this hands-on guide focuses on key steps in the writing process, identifying the shared and differing skills demanded by each type of writing; from a persuasive essay, a business letter, or a scientific report. The straightforward, structured format makes it fully accessible, providing an easy-to-understand overview for everyone from students beginning to build skills, to adults looking to improve their writing, to the experienced writer hoping to further hone skills in a certain area. This book allows you to build gradually on what you have learned at your own pace. Questions and self-tests reinforce the information in each chapter and allow you to skip ahead or focus on specific areas of concern. Packed with useful, up-to-date information, this clear, concise volume is a valuable learning tool and reference source for anyone who wants to develop or improve his or her basic writing skills. 2. Report Writing Skills Training Course by Margaret Greenhall  This book makes report writing a step by step process for you to follow every time you have a report to write. Margaret’s understanding of how people read and remember gives a unique view to the process of report writing. This book brings you her tried and tested training techniques to make the process of writing a report straight forward. 3. The Writer’s Workplace with Readings: Building College Writing Skills by Sandra and John Scarry John Scarry and Sandra Scarry present writing instruction in a clear and manageable form, with step-by-step explanations to help build and maintain students’ confidence in their writing. The result of many years of classroom teaching and research, this comprehensive and time-tested resource reflects the authors’ understanding that every student is unique, with different backgrounds and interests that must be accounted for as they engage in the writing process. This offers instructors the opportunity to customize their own version of the book by including or excluding any sections that they do or do not teach in their course-making this a text that reflects not only the students’ needs and experiences, but their instructor’s as well. 4. Writing With Power: Techniques For Mastering the Writing Process by Peter Elbow A classic handbook for anyone who needs to write. This book speaks to everyone who has wrestled with words while seeking to gain power with them. Here, Peter Elbow emphasizes that the essential activities underlying good writing and the essential exercises promoting it are really not difficult at all. Employing a cookbook approach, Elbow provides the reader (and writer) with various recipes: for getting words down on paper, for revising, for dealing with an audience, for getting feedback on a piece of writing, and still other recipes for approaching the mystery of power in writing. By taking risks and embracing mistakes, Elbow hopes the writer may somehow find a hold on the creative process and be able to heighten two mentalities–the production of writing and the revision of it. From students and teachers to novelists and poets, Writing with Power reminds us that we can celebrate the uses of mystery, chaos, no planning, and magic, while achieving analysis, control, explicitness, and care in whatever it is we set down on paper. 5. Steps to Writing Well by Jean Wyrick  Writing well is just a step away! This book gives the student the ultimate step-by-step guide to writing effective essays. With the author’s clear, practical advice and student-friendly tone, you’ll find it easy to begin, organize, and revise your writing-from choosing a topic to developing your essay to polishing your prose. Interesting readings in a variety of styles offer useful examples of the types of essays you’ll most often be assigned in your composition and other college classes. 5 Parts of the Writing Process. (2017, Jan 26).

Constitution High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Constitution High School - Essay Example a) The overall structure of the executive body is that of a lobbying group, that also acts as an associational interest group. There must be a broad representation of all student clubs, and so each of the members will run according to their party group. This will require each candidate to submit his or her name and their class. b) All members will be voted in with a plurality vote, wherein each candidate must submit his party name and not first name to avoid any discrimination. A photograph of each student will also be included in the ballot. c) Each member of the Legislative branch must adhere to his or her duties, which include: - Putting forth issues of the community and translating them to the executive branch; - Proposing prospective groups for funding from student government, or the university; and - Oversee the finances of the student groups d) all members of the legislative branch will be voted in the second semester of the year to ensure comprehensive understanding of student life and government structure. ARTICLE IV - OFFICE REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENTS a) Any member of office may be brought up on Impeachment charges. If charges are made by another member, a separate judicial court session will be held a week from the date of accusation. b) The judicial court will consist of a prosecutor, defendant, and a judge. Advisors are advised to sit second chair to the prosecutor and defense attorney, who may also be an advisor. c) The judge for the organization will be selected prior to the allegation by a majority vote of the members. d) If the member is deemed guilty, they will then be removed and replaced by the second runner up during elections. ARTICLE V - CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS a) Constitutional Amendments may be added to the Constitution on need basis by the president or vice-president in the president's

Internal Communication between Managers and Employees in Kentucky Research Paper

Internal Communication between Managers and Employees in Kentucky State - Research Paper Example The third factor deals with the impact of the training program on the workforce environment. The data has been collected by taking interviews of the business employers in Kentucky State. The study will be concluding with recommendations and conclusions for these employers that should be taken into consideration while dealing with the three factors. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to analyze the internal communication between the managers and the employees in Kentucky and also analyze the following research questions: 1. What is an organization’s strategy to develop its own brand? 2. How does the organization expand the market of their goods? 3. How can training program affect a workforce environment? Methods and Procedures The procedure of collection of the data followed by its analysis and interpretation of the result while finding a solution to any research problem is known as the research philosophy (Tobin & Joseph, 2006). It mainly comprises of two approa ches. One is the positivism and the other is interpretive. The positivist style gives establishing theory prior to the research conduct. This type of research can be carried out by means of experimental and descriptive research method. It is positively associated with the natural sciences. On the other hand, interpretive gives the establishing theory after conducting the research. The interpretive research model works on the basis of the human perceptions (Seale, 2012). It helps to understand mainly the non statistical variables like the human perceptions, their social behaviour, social motives etc (Spradley, 1979; Plummer, 1983). In this research, the interpretive research model have been chosen for finding out the internal communication between the managers and the employees, the strategy of the company in developing the brand and the expansion strategy of the company in marketing its products. The two main types of research strategies are qualitative and quantitative research str ategies. Both qualitative and quantitative research strategies hold equal importance while finding a solution to any research problem. Quantitative research strategy involves various statistical calculations, different computational techniques and procedures (Kumar, 2011). It mainly considers close ended surveys (Ably, 2012). Qualitative research strategy is just the opposite of quantitative research strategy. It gives the description of the individuals in the natural situation and tries to find solutions to the research problems based on culture, social belief, human behaviour etc (Kumar, 2011). In this research problem, qualitative research method has been used for analyzing the internal communication between the managers and employees, the strategy of the company in developing the brand and the expansion strategy of the company in marketing its products. In this research strategy, both primary and secondary data collection method have been used. The primary data collection has be en made by conducting the interview of the business owners and the managers of various local businesses in the Kentucky state.

Finance- Global Stock Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance- Global Stock Markets - Essay Example The Dow Jones low point was USD10,608 and its high point was USD 11,439 a fluctuation of only USD 831, or slightly less than 1%. The change from the first point (September 20) to the last date charted (November 22) was even lower. The Israeli stock exchange rose from USD 34,361 to USD 35, 348, an increase of USD 987. At the same time the Dow Jones rose from USD 10,608 to USD 11,083.75, an increase of only USD 475.75. This means that if an individual had invested USD 100,000 across the board in each stock exchange at the end of the period their Israeli investment would be worth USD 104,597.90 while their Dow Jones investment would have increased to USD 104, 484.80. Over a period of less than three months this is not an inconsiderable profit, particularly if it were to be increased by a factor of five to make it roughly equivalent to one year (as opposed to ten weeks). On the other hand, it demonstrates a remarkable disconnect between the markets and current events. This was no ordinary period in either the United States or Israel yet, viewed over two months, the stock exchanges slowly, but reasonably steadily, increased in value. In the United States a mid-term election campaign was waged, that included cataclysmic predictions of a Democrat debacle and featured the wild card of the tea partiers. In fact the Dow Jones increased steadily from September until the election: The campaign uncertainty and predictions of disaster for the Presidents party had no negative impact on the stock market. On October 28, 2010, only days before the election New York Times columnist Paul Krugman wrote, â€Å"future historians will probably look back at the 2010 election as a catastrophe for America, one that condemned the nation to years of political chaos and economic weakness.† His piece concluded with this warning: â€Å"So if the elections go as expected next week, here’s my advice: Be

Literacy narative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literacy narative - Essay Example WhÐ µn I was a littlÐ µ girl, my parÐ µnts would always rÐ µad to mÐ µ, and I lovÐ µd books. I was vÐ µry involvÐ µd in thÐ µ storiÐ µs, and I would rÐ µad along with my mothÐ µr and fathÐ µr, and also link all of thÐ µ picturÐ µs with thÐ µ tÐ µxt. It was a comforting fÐ µÃ µling. As I got oldÐ µr and thÐ µrÐ µ bÐ µcamÐ µ morÐ µ rulÐ µs, I slowly driftÐ µd from rÐ µading and writing, and bÐ µcamÐ µ morÐ µ intÐ µrÐ µstÐ µd in subjÐ µcts such as sciÐ µncÐ µ, math, and history. So, I fÐ µÃ µl likÐ µ I havÐ µ littlÐ µ Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncÐ µ in writing, bÐ µcausÐ µ I havÐ µ lost intÐ µrÐ µst in it. All through high school, I had a prÐ µtty good idÐ µa of what I wantÐ µd to do in my futurÐ µ; which consists of many math and sciÐ µncÐ µ coursÐ µs. I want to gÐ µt a nursing dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ, and thÐ µn gÐ µt into thÐ µ Physician’s Assistant Program. So, along my acadÐ µmic path, that is what I havÐ µ focusÐ µd on and Ð µxcà  µllÐ µd at, rathÐ µr than writing. BÐ µing a frÐ µshmÐ µn studÐ µnt at thÐ µ UnivÐ µrsity of Utah, I havÐ µ rÐ µalizÐ µd that writing is going to bÐ µ an immÐ µnsÐ µ part of collÐ µgÐ µ, and that communicating through writing will hÐ µlp mÐ µ to accomplish my goals. Writing skills will bÐ µ rÐ µquirÐ µd in probably two-thirds of thÐ µ classÐ µs I Ð µnroll in. To bÐ µ honÐ µst, I don't dÐ µspisÐ µ writing, and I think that I could lÐ µarn to lovÐ µ it, if I could bÐ µcomÐ µ a good writÐ µr.

WEEK 5 INTL 6000 - RESEARCH PART 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

WEEK 5 INTL 6000 - RESEARCH PART 5 - Assignment Example The current conflict, laden with war rhetoric and military maneuvers, was preceded by mutual tolerance and reunification talks. For this reason, the paper will approach the conflict from the themes of rivalry, reconciliation, and reunification. To determine the present state of the conflict and the roles that regional and international countries have played in it, the paper will seek to argue that the latest bout of conflict has to do with hardline stances, suspicion, and rivalry between the two countries. Moreover, it will discuss how different political ideologies, the recent power transfer in the North, and rivalry between sponsors of both countries have elicited the conflict. All of which have stood in the way of reunification. i. Conflict: This can be defined as an organized and prolonged event that occurs between states with possible input from non-state actors and international actors. It is characterized by economic destruction, social disruption, and extreme violence. Conflicts result from a struggle for existence and man’s innate instinct for aggression. For this reason, there are various reasons that lead to conflict. These are individual differences between nation-states, cultural differences, clashes of strategic interests, and social change in the respective nation-states (Armitage 34). ii. Another concept that will be used is reunification, which is referent to the action of two states becoming unified again following a period of prolonged conflict. For reunification to occur, the state formed needs to be independent, neutral, and peaceful with the unity grounded on national independence and patriotism (Olsen 44). Reunification must be achieved through promotion of coexistence, common interest, and co-prosperity. The two nation-states must unite and believe in the other while also valuing democracy and

Presentation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Presentation - Assignment Example Our strategy is to become the clear market leader in internet sales. This strategy of choice will ensure that we give our customers the best services that is worth their money. This strategy also makes it easier for our company to focus on the intended objectives and ensure that our customers are left with the urge of getting even more. At Fingent, we are set to settle for nothing but the best in the market, seeing to it that we produce quality products and service delivery. In essence, we settle for nothing less than excellence. This will also set confidence in our company among our esteemed customers who will not think that we are just but making a buck whichever way we possibly can. To start with, our company has identified its target customers which is also the target market. Having this in place, we are going to be as unique as we possibly can to be able to outdo our competitors out there. We have also embarked on effective and efficient networking which will ensure that we widen our scope and network in the market. Hart, Ted, James M. Greenfield, and Michael W. Johnston.  Nonprofit Internet Strategies: Best Practices for Marketing, Communications, and Fundraising Success. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2005. Internet

ASA Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ASA Questions - Essay Example ASA automatically allows the flow of packets from this high level to the lower un-trusted level without the need for an ACL explicitly allowing for the packet flow. (Santos, 2010) The un-trusted network, usually an outside network is allocated the lowest security level, 0, given its low network level beside the fact that it is the least trusted of all the network zones. ASA by default assigns the outside network security level of zero and automatically limits the flow of network packets from this level to the higher levels`. This security zone falls between the higher level and the lower level and is automatically assigned an even number between 0 and 100 given that it is somewhat trusted and un-trusted at the same time. (Frahim, 2010) User exec is the first level of access in the commend line interface used for changing terminal setting, listing system information and performing basic tasks. It uses AP> or Router > to prompt and logout command to exit. This CLI mode should be password protected to prevent unauthorized use. It is accessed from the user exec mode by issuing the enable command. This mode has a privileged command set which include those at the user exec mode. To exit the mode, disable command is used. (Frahim, 2010) This mode has commands that apply to features that affect the device as a whole. In order to access the global configuration mode, configure command is entered from the Privileged EXEC mode. Exit or end commands can be used to exit the global configuration mode. This configuration mode is used to modify the configuration of the interface. The commands used in this mode usually follow global configuration command used to define the interface type. In order to configure the interface using this mode, terminal is specified from the global configuration mode followed by the specification of the

The Gospel According to Luke commonly shortened Essay Example for Free

The Gospel According to Luke commonly shortened Essay The Gospel According to Luke commonly shortened to the Gospel of Luke or simply Luke is the third and longest of the four Gospels. This synoptic gospel is an account of the life and ministry of Jesus of Nazareth. It details his story from the events of his birth to his Ascension. The purpose of Luke is to write a precise and reliable history of Jesus’ Christ’s life, while bringing out the theological significance of the history. He is a Greek and the only Gentile Christian writer of the New Testament. The language of Luke reveals that he is an educated man. We learn in Colossians 4:14 that he is a physician. In this book Luke refers many times to sicknesses and diagnoses. Being a Greek and a doctor would explain his scientific and orderly approach to the book, giving great attention to detail in his accounts. He addressed his Gospel to the Greek people (a non-Jewish). The Gospel according to Luke is the first part of a two-volume work that continues the biblical history of God’s dealings with humanity found in the Old Testament, showing how God’s promises to Israel have been fulfilled in Jesus and how the salvation promised to Israel and accomplished by Jesus has been extended to the Gentiles. The Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts are closely related. Written by the same author and for the same purpose, both were addressed to a Christian named Theophilus and were designed for the purpose of presenting to him a complete and well authenticated narrative of the early history of the Christian movement. Luke was a faithful friend and travel companion of Paul. , who came to be known in Christian circles as the Apostle to the Gentiles,. He wrote the book of Acts as a sequel to the Gospel of Luke. Some discredit Lukes Gospel because he was not one of the 12 disciples. However, Luke had access to historical records. He carefully researched and interviewed the disciples and others who were eyewitnesses to the life of Pauls interpretation of Christianity as a universal religion did much to eliminate the barriers between Jews and Gentiles. When Jews and Gentiles are contrasted in Luke, often the Gentiles are presented in the more favorable light. As nearly as we can determine, the Gospel of Luke was written toward the end of the first century, probably between the years 85–90 A. D. By this time, Christianity was fast becoming a worldwide movement. The predominant theme in the book of Luke is the perfect humanity of Jesus Christ. The Savior entered human history as the perfect man. He himself offered the perfect sacrifice for sin, therefore, providing the perfect Savior for humankind Luke shows the broad humanitarian character of Jesus work that was manifested from the first in Jesus attitude toward the Samaritans and others whom the Jews regarded as their enemies. Jesus never failed to commend those who had a humble and contrite heart and it made no difference whether they were Jews or Gentiles. Lukes Gospel gives special emphasis to prayer, miracles and angels as well. Interesting to note, women are given an important place in Lukes writings. The gospel closes with an account of the resurrection and the subsequent meetings of Jesus with the disciples and others. As two men are walking to the village of Emmaus, Jesus joins them, but the men do not recognize Jesus until he sits at a table with them and blesses the food that they are about to eat. Later, Jesus meets with the eleven disciples in Jerusalem and overcomes their suspicions by showing his hands and feet to them. They cook some fish, and Jesus partakes of the food with them. Then follows a farewell discourse to the disciples, during which Jesus gives them instruction concerning what they should do. Afterward, they go together as far as Bethany, and after blessing the disciples, Jesus departs from them.

Locke and hobbs state of nature Essay Example for Free

Locke and hobbs state of nature Essay ?Exam #1 1. Locks justification of private property can be summed by stating, the earth and all it possess is property to be used by people in common for their own benefit and existence. In Lockes view, every individual must have private property rights In order to possess the property in common. To Locke, property also justifies and gives authority in terms of wages, land, and labor. Also in order to be justified, and individual must not possess more property then can be used for his benefit. This comes about from his dislike of authoritarianism both on the individual, community, and religious levels. Locke dictates that we have a natural right as humans to everything common i. e. : water, air, life liberty and property, (the earth and everything in it is considered property). Everything within the earth is considered commons until labor converts it to private property. But that being said Locke does give limits to private property. Privatization is limited by needs, we must leave enough, and as good for those who need it (though the accumulation of wealth to Locke is a natural right). In other words lock views waste as immoral and the limit of privatization. Other immoral acts to Locke include degrading the commons, and depriving others of their natural right of commons. Today, we have overcome these limits by having a huge income inequality, polluting our world through industry, and by not making full use of property. We degrade our commons through dumping, and polluting our air through industry, and we pass bills to let corporations get away with it easier. That goes the same for the other two; currently we pass legislation that helps corporations exceed Locks natural limits to property. 2. To Hobbs, Human action can be explained in terms of causal relations of material objects, also known as the Mechanism theory. According to Hobbs, a human poses both voluntary and involuntary motions. Involuntary motions can be described as things we subconsciously do all the time without noticing like breathing and thinking without having any external effects. Voluntary motions on the other hand have cause and effect association (Mechanism), and can be broken down into two categories appetites, and aversions. Appetites are morally good things that we want that are executed through the accumulation of power. Aversions are the opposite, morally bad things we avoid that is driven through fear which according to Hobbs, is a primary motivator for us. These two things together shape or basis of morality, in other words what is right and wrong, and how we treat one another in society. Hobbs materialistic explanation dictates we have two primary motivators in life power and fear. Power is the central reason we do things. Acquiring this power to Hobbs is the primary aspect or function in human nature and life. This power leads to our individual ability to execute our appetites and aversions and gives class separation or a hierarchy to society as a whole. It can be broken down into two parts natural and acquired power. Natural is the power you are born with like strength or intellect and it cannot be altered, whereas acquired is things gained like wealth and friends. We do not stop seeking power as humans until we die. Fear is the other primary motivator to Hobbs; this fear can simply be broken down to the constant threat of death in Hobbes view of the human state of nature. We constantly seek to avoid death, (the accumulation of power lowers ones fear of death. To Hobbes, the logical explanation to our human central desires is that without a sovereign and a social contract we as humans in our natural state will always be in conflict, and life will be brutish and short. 3. To Locke the right to revolution can be summed up as our collective right or duty as a people to overthrow a sovereign who does not properly serve us or a community as a whole. Locke does not view the sovereign as a deity, but rather as just another man living amongst people. He does not reside in a state, but rather amongst his subjects. The sovereign in Lockes view serves the people and acts as a trustee that we must consent to through a social contract. In this contract we give all our rights except the natural ones given by god in exchange for protection of our life and private property. Because we give these rights the sovereign reserves the right to punish wrong doing, but this punishment must be held to the context of natural and civil law. The state or sovereign may only be held supreme if it is held to both these laws, and we as a people must erect safeguards to ensure and protect natural law, or our god given rights. It is from these safeguards that if the sovereign does not live up to his end of the contract, and does not act in the communities best interest, we reserve a natural right to overthrow the sovereign, to protect against a self-acting corrupt government that isnt in the interest of the subjects who signed the contract. Hobbs, on the other hand views the sovereign as a deity who only has to answer to god instead of the people because he possess more power. Also, instead of retaining our natural rights, all are given up to the sovereign at the time of the contracts singing. Because of this, the sovereign becomes the law rather than being bound to it because it is his divine right given by god. Hobbs also views government as a leviathan or a scary evil monster that we need in order to not revert to our sate of nature where life is constantly at conflict, brutish, and short. Unlike Locke, Hobbs would never advise overthrowing the sovereign because of fear of instability and returning to the state of nature. Hobbes does assert that one has a natural right to do so, but executing the overthrow brings the risk of being killed by the sovereign (which no rational man would do). Hobbs would not agree to locks right of revolution simply because of fear. 1). Hobbs and lock are two of the most influential philosophers in the realm of state of nature, and social contract theories. Though they come from different time periods, the twos theories differ and relate in different ways. When talking about the human state of nature, Hobbes does not view man as a social animal, and that we cannot exist without a state. He views the state of nature as constantly at violent conflict with one another over the accumulation of property and power, where we have endless rights until the signing of the social contract. Life in the state of nature for man under Hobbs is solitary brutish, and short. With this conflict in mind Hobbs states that no society or sovereign is worst of all because it leaves us in our violent state of nature. He also states that in the state of nature man does not know what is his or someone elses, and property only exists through the will of the state. Thus men are condemned to endless violent conflict over property and power. Morality to Hobbs is merely the command of people, a group or god, and law is just the momentary will of the sovereign. In Hobbess view, the sovereign dictates or is the arbitrator of definitions and are not socially constructed because that would carry no meaning (humans cannot know what is right). Locke on the other hand, views man as a social animal by nature. And in the state of nature men for the most part, kept promises and obligations, and though insecure, it was mostly peaceful and pleasant. In my opinion the state of nature to Locke can best be depicted through Americas past frontier life, where though life was insecure, violent conflicts were often ended by forcible imposition of a just peace on wrong doers, and peace was upheld (for the most part). In Lockes sate of nature, peace and property rights existed in most circumstances. These rights were maintained because it was socially acceptable to punish wrong doing against you because people know what is theirs and inst. Morality to Locke is driven by the basis of morality with appetites and aversions, and lies within society and the individual. Law is used to safeguard property and rights instead of being at the whim of the sovereign. Also, to Locke individuals and society dictates definitions and meanings (which to Hobbs is impossible). Unlike Hobbs, Lockes view of the state of nature leaves the argument that we may not need a sovereign to live, but to enforce law, have property rights, and engage trade one may be required. Lockes view of the social contract dictates that we give up rights to one another (or a community), rather than to the sovereign. In other words you wont take from your peers what you wouldnt want taken form yourself. Although we give up our rights, we retain our right to life and liberty and gain impartial protection of our property (state grants individual rights). In Lockes view of the social contact, the state or sovereign acts as a trustee and serves the people. We receive retribution for property crimes in return for impartial justice backed by force. To Locke to role of the state in social contracts is to ensure justice to wrong doers through force. However, we as a people/community must grant the state/sovereign legitimacy. This legitimacy can only supreme if it is bound by natural and civil law (according to Locke). Locke states, to protect our natural rights we must erect safeguards. It is these safeguards that allow us to abolish a sovereign if he does not serve the people/community, because the sovereign does not live in the state but amongst his subjects. When talking about Hobbes on the other hand, the individual gives up all rights to the sovereign in exchange for the right to live. No matter what the sovereign does, it does not constitute a breach of the social contract (a breach results in death). In other words, there is no right to rebel, even though there is a natural right to do so, no one would out of fear of losing their life (under Locke it is a natural right to rebel). Unlike Lock, under Hobbs the sovereign can do no wrong because lawful and unlawful, good and bad are merely commands based of the sovereigns will. That being said unlike Locke where society creates the state, the state creates society in the image of the rulers will. These two differ immensely in the realm of social contract theory. For the most part Locke agreed with some of Hobbes statements but the twos theories on state of nature and the social contract differ immensely. First off, In the Hobbesian social contract subjects give up all rights in exchange for life to the sovereign whereas, in the Locke contract all rights are given up except the natural rights, to the community. Also, in the Hobbesian contract the sovereign can do no wrong and is right beneath god in the social hierarchy (considered a deity). Locke contrasts this by stating that the sovereignty serves the people as a common man. Furthermore Hobbs states in his contract that society is created by the state in the image of the ruler whereas Locke argues that society creates, and legitimizes the state. The Hobbesian contract is also motivated by fear and Power, and Lock the opposite being motivated by property, and pursuit of wealth in peace. Lastly there is the topic of rebellion, the Locke contract allows for rebellion justified as a right, and the Hobbesian does not for fear of death. To this point I believe Locke provides the more compelling argument mostly because I would rather have the government serve me and have the right to rebel. Additionally I believe we are social creatures by nature, seeking stability, rather then living in constant violent conflict with a short life, and immanent death looming. With consideration to rights and liberty, I would also like to retain some rights rather than have none, and be at the mercy of the sovereign. I do also think that society creates and legitimizes the state instead of the state creating society in the image of the ruler. No matter what the case however, they both provide very compelling arguments that have been used to shape modern political thought.

Effects of the Spirit of Competition

Effects of the Spirit of Competition The spirit of competition is one of the underlying principles in any sporting event, be it one athlete against another, or team against team. The preconceived notion on the part of spectators as to which individual or team will prevail is the attraction and allure of a sporting event, in other words the degree of uncertainty concerning the outcome. By nature, human beings are curious, inquisitive, competitive and cooperative. The harsh conditions of survival that were a fact of life in the prehistoric era provide evidence of how we are bound together. Tribes grew as extensions of family units with the strongest individual rising to take charge over hunting and warding off rival family groups in order to secure the territories best suited to the continued survival of the group. As these tribal groups grew larger, either as a result of birth rates or conquest, the size of competitive conflicts grew as well. Tribal members trained to become better skilled in the use of weapons as well as their individual personal strength in order to prevail in these conflicts. The desire to secure better territories for hunting and survival fuelled further conflicts throughout this age as tribal societies continued to expand and grow. The Greek state of Sparta provides one of the best examples of society organized under the principles of domination through military means. Young Spartan males were removed from their households at the age of seven for mandatory military training which included instruction in the weapons of the day as well as a rigorous schedule of intense physical athletics. In essence, the female population of Sparta ran the economy overseeing slaves, managing the harvest of crops, and conducting commerce as Spartan males trained and served in the military with little to nothing to do concerning other affairs. Spartan training included participation in athletic contests such as gymnastics, running, swimming, throwing the discus and javelin to hone their minds and bodies for the military. Historically, athletic games were an inherent part of Greek religious festivals held at temples where the populace gathered to watch competitors as they honoured the gods. Greek mythology tells us that the Olympic Games started as a funeral feast to honor King Pelops who had prevailed in a chariot race held by KingOenimaus to select a mate for his daughter Hippodamia. The Games started in 776 B.C. and consisted of just a running event which later expanded to include the pentathlon, javelin, boxing, horse and chariot races, wrestling, discus and jumping. Winners of events were hailed as heroes with the commensurate stature and standing in Spartan society accompanying these triumphs. History reveals that the Roman Empire continued this tradition in the Coliseum pitting gladiators against gladiators, along with other spectacles to win the favour of the populace through state sponsored entertainment. The preceding historical summary has been undertaken to provide perspective on how athletics and then sporting events were an outgrowth of a quest for survival linked through physical terms and then as a part of religious celebration to honour deities. The festive mood of these events provided the opportunity to honour champions and also afforded its participants with a means to elevate their status in society as a result of winning. Spectators were entertained by events that consisted of a limited duration of time whereby the person who would prevail could be determined. The uncertainty as to the outcome provided the intrigue, drama and entertainment value. And therein lies the appeal of sports, not knowing the outcome until the event has run its course. Present day sporting events still hold the same basic appeals, competition, uncertainty, a specific time of duration and a festive atmosphere with one major distinction, they are big business. Multimillion dollar stadiums, government tax concessions, broadcast revenue agreements, licensing, merchandise marketing, product sponsorships and endorsements are a few of the financial components of this entertainment medium. English Football, like its American Cousin the National Football League (NFL), professional soccer, basketball, Formula 1, golf and all sports share one common trait – ‘The Outcome’. Fans attend games and events, watch them on television, wager on point spreads and place bets, as the ‘Outcome’ of the match-ups is the source of their interest. The uncertainty of the eventual winner creates acclimate of drama which fuels involvement on the part of fans. The more competitive the match-ups are, meaning the more uncertain the outcome, the more fans become interested in these matches and thus television viewer-ship and stadium attendance rises. The source of this interest is a result of these events and matches being limited by a defined period of time in which the ‘outcome’ takes place. In the world of business one measures winning and losing or in most cases their progress based to some degree upon what they earn or the promotions they receive. The time period and outcomes are less defined, as well as in most cases blurred in terms of what aspects or inputs resulted in said outcome. This segment of a person’s life is subject to a large percentage of undefined variables, events, causes, actions, reactions and so on, all of which tend to blur the factors which led to the outcome. And this also carries over to one’s personal life as well where the outcomes to varied events, such as marriage –children – a new home and more, are mostly a product of long periods of time in which discussions, decisions, modifications and changes in thinking are consistently working up to it (the outcome[s]). In the preceding examples, both business and personal, the eventual outcomes are spread over time periods that can encompass days, weeks, years or even decades. The need for an outcome that fits into a time period that is easily correlated explains why movies, music, videogames and sporting events hold the interest of the general public. The definable time period means that the uncertainty concerning the outcome will be revealed within that time span thus providing satisfaction. Heightened competition increases fan interest and when this is spread over the majority of teams participating in the sporting event, fan attendance and television viewer ship will increase throughout the season. The foregoing translates into revenue from gate receipts, increased broadcast contracts as a result of advertising rates, licensing, merchandise sales, endorsements, appearances and other income streams. This paper will examine the ‘effects of broadcasting revenue† on English football clubs as well as how this revenue is distributed, its effect on operations, the reliance on this income in budgetary terms, and alternative methods to distribute these funds on a more equitable basis. Chapter 1 – Introduction As is the case with any business enterprise, professional sports exist to derive a profit from operations. And those profits come as a result of the extent which a professional team captures the imagination of its fan base in the belief that said team has the opportunity to advance in the standings and onto to the championship final. While there are all manner and degrees of fans, ranging from the fanatic tithe â€Å"I only watch when they are winning†, professional sports organizations are identified with the city they reside, the charisma of its stars, the mystic of its heritage, and its recent public image. Because all but the most die-hard fans have short memories, the rest consist of those who jump on the bandwagon for a variety of reasons. Winning sports franchise provides national publicity for the city it resides in, generates revenues for the local economy from its fan base and those of the visiting team(s). The foregoing aids the municipality in promoting its own agenda(s), such as convention facilities, tourism, attractions, and the benefits of doing business in their cosmopolitan location. A sports franchise, more apropos a ‘successful’ sport franchise, provides a locale with publicity it could not otherwise obtain to generate additional business and the corresponding tax revenues from goods and services. But, a city is more than concrete, glass skyscrapers, taxicabs, buses and municipal services; it exists and prospers as a result of its people. As such a municipality has a vested interest in seeing to the well-being, morale and vitality of its populace by providing them with clean and safe streets, parks, adequate public transportation, progressive government, an excellent educational system, and something to rally their interest. Championships in British football have garnered world renown and recognition for teams such as Manchester United, Liverpool, Arsenal and Chelsea , providing them with media exposure and coverage these locales could not afford to purchase, including public relations stories they could not manufacture. One of England’s goodwill ambassadors David Beckham , even though he now plays for Real Madrid, is a global icon that fans and non-fans of the sport recognize and identify with and his British background. However, the lustre of English Football Clubs when considered as group, as lost some of its sheen as a result of second tier teams whom have yet to see championship status, operating deficits and the lack of structure that prompts overall competitiveness. The League is suffering from the same non-competitive problems that has befallen Formula 1 where Michael Schumacher and Ferrari have put the city of Mirabella, as well as Italy, back on the map by winning five Formula 1championships in a row (2000 through 2004), and his setting what most people believe will be an unbreakable record of seven world driver’s championships (two with the Benetton-Ford team). The success of the Ferrari Formula 1 team has caused the Formula One Administration, the sport’s governing body, to implement a third round of specification modifications to attempt to make the sport more competitive in the face of Ferrari’s dominance over the past five years. This period has seen a drop in viewers as a result of the lack of competitiveness. The same fate has befallen the English Football Clubs. The allure of sporting events is the uncertainty of the outcome. This creates the atmosphere of suspense, anticipation, drama and excitement as one watches the event unfold during the designated time period that determines the winner. These same ingredients are the backbone of all entertainment venues, be it the movies, music, a ride in an amusement park, or a television show, the elements are built upon these basic foundations (suspense, anticipation, drama and excitement). We are entertained as we are able to keep pace with the developments in a timeframe that does not bore us. This is why most entertainment venues, such as sports and movies, are approximately between two to three hours. As sporting events pit competitors directly against one another in a known format of rules and regulations, one simply has to watch and observe the nuances leading to the eventual outcome. The simplicity is the basis for its sophistication. Education, upbringing, language, social standing, and other factors are lost in the heat of battle. Sports provide a framework where nothing matters except the outcome and thus it is one of the ultimate forms of escape, relaxation and entertainment, hence the popularity of sports in all its forms. And in order to produce a winning Club, management must have star athletes. Not just the Dave Beckham’s, but also an exceptional supporting cast as well to see them through the many competitive battles that are a part of a season long campaign. Chapter 2 – The English Football Clubs Founded as the English Football League in 1888 by Scotsman William McGregor, the ‘League’ actually had been in competing since 1872 as tea Cup encompassed Scottish as well as English Clubs. Mar. McGregor was astute enough to see that the game needed to be formalized in terms of rules and regulations to provide a structure for the nonprofessional comprising the sport at that time. He also understood that formulating method to generate income for the Clubs that would provide the foundation to compensate the players. Acting in a role that in today’s terms would be equated to being a commissioner, Mar. McGregor’s vision culminated in the League starting with twelve Clubs with Preston North End becoming the first championship team . The League’s popularity resulted in a Second Division being formed in 1892. During the four years from the League’s formation additional teams were added with three different teams winning the FA Cup. The Blackburn Rovers took the championship title in 1890 and 1891. The League’s popularity with fans was evidenced by its growth from the initial twelve (12) teams to a total of forty-two (42) Clubs and three(3) divisions by 1922. Competitive balance in the League was shown over the twenty-six (26) years from 1893 to 1922 as no Club repeated as a back-to-back League champion during that time span. Aston Villa won the title four times (1895, 1897, 1905 and 1913), Sheffield United prevailed in three (3) championships, and just two (2) other clubs won twice, the Wolverhampton Wanders and Tottenham Hotspur. Fifteen (15)other Clubs from the League’s total of forty-two (42) took the FA Cup once. The preceding meant that nineteen Clubs out of the total of forty-two (42) won championships or 45%. The preceding parity fueledfurther expansion and the League grew to ninety-two (92) Clubs by1950. The competitiveness within the League was the source of fan popularity as two (2) Clubs, the Bolton Wanderers and Arsenal captured the League title three (3) times, with Newcastle United taking home the crown twice. In the twenty-two (22) years between 1923 and 1950fourteen (14) other Clubs won the FA Cup once again showing parity in the League. Between 1951 and 1989 fan support and interest in the League continued to grow as competitiveness kept pace with expansion, and the new Clubs as well as those that had been in the League for some time. This thirty-seven (37) year period saw the following multiple championships; CLUB NUMBER OF FA CUPS Tottenham Hotspur 5 Manchester United 4 Newcastle United 3 West Ham United 3 Liverpool 3 Arsenal 2 Manchester City 2 Fifteen Clubs won singular titles during this period and the League was enjoying unprecedented popularity. One of the key reasons for the appeal of the sport during the periods indicated is â€Å"competitive balance†. When there is uncertainty on the part of fans as to which team will prevail during the regular season match-ups, this sparks heightened fan interest in each contest. The outcome from matches in which their teams play is also affected by how key competitors play in their match-ups with other teams which also affect the standings. This uncertainty means that fans will tune into or attend more regular season matches, and not just those where their particular team is playing a potential contender, but those matches where their team is playing just about anyone. The preceding is true because when there is competitive balance no team is really out of the championship running, and most certainly not out of any match. Parity makes almost each and every game important in terms of the standings and a team’s rankings toward the championship game. The foregoing means increased gate receipts at stadiums and higher advertising rates as well as merchandise and ancillary revenues. Even with the fairly balanced championship appearances a number of clubs have not been able to compete at the top tier level thus eroding the interest of their fans as these Clubs are seemingly ‘cannon fodder ‘with nothing to play for as the stronger teams keep them relegated tithe mid or bottom tiers. The play-off system, which was introduced at the end of the 1986-87 campaign helped to provide more teams with something to shot for. However, with the twenty (20) of the strongest teams leaving in 1992 and forming the new Premier League this left seventy-two (72) Clubs split evenly in three (3) divisions, but the competitive factor was on a lower level. In the twelve (12) years since the breakaway the Premier League is suffering from dominance by a few teams, rather than the hoped for closer competitive balance. A. Parity The formation of the Premier League has placed those Clubs in the position of reaping higher revenues as a result of their being in the â€Å"class† league representing the best teams. One of the offshoots of its formation was it siphoned off fans from other lesser teams by creating secondary ‘favourite’ team even though a particular Premier League Club might not be located in their city. Fans are known to switch allegiances and adopt teams when their city or favourite is continually â€Å"out of the running†. Banking on a heightened percentage of close and meaningful games to induce increased fan interest in these matches to generate higher revenues per match was one of the underlying strategies to enrich the ‘class’ Clubs of the Premier League. And finally, simple mathematics in that fewer Clubs negotiating for advertising contracts means more revenue per Club. In Chapter Three we will examine the ramifications of broadcast revenue sharing, the timing of the Premier League breakaway in relationship to new technologies in television broadcasting (cable / satellite) along with subsequent developments. The breakaway strategy made sense, unfortunately the Clubs did not cooperate in bring this to further heighten fan interest by competitive balance. By cooperation, it is meant that certain teams have emerged as consistent winners, with two (2) teams dominating and another two (2)breaking in to win championships when the powerhouses faltered. Since the 1992 breakaway season the following Clubs have taken the Premier League crown: CLUB NUMBER OF FA CUPS Manchester United 4 Arsenal 4 Liverpool 2 Chelsea 2 Everton 1 The foregoing means that five (5) Clubs out of twenty (20), or 25% have owned the title in the twelve (12) years the League has been inexistence. Not exactly parity! One of the main contributing factors to the preceding is revenue. The top Clubs since 1987 have enjoyed a disproportionate increase in income as a result of their success in championship matches thus enabling them to garner sponsorships, additional revenues from merchandise sales and thus the funds to lure top-flight athletes and a supporting cast. The dominance shown by Clubs in both the Premier League and English Football League Division One has manifested itself in financial clout due as a result of the foregoing and thus the gap continues to widen. The success of the Premier League can be seen in economic terms and the explosive growth. B. Attendance Parity has a direct correlation with attendance and fan interest. The domination of the Premier League by Manchester United and Arsenal, along with the multiple championships by Tottenham Hotspur (5),Newcastle United (3), West Ham (3) and Liverpool (3) has left more than sixty present (60%) of all clubs without a title in its 116 years of existence. From 1888 through 1987 the English Football League enjoyed explosive growth that started to tail off due to the breakaway of the Premier League Clubs and their rising national and international successes, as well as domination in the English Football League by relatively small cadre of teams. Today’s media realities have aided to further widen the competitive gapes a result of cable television deals and lucrative title matches that reward the dominant Clubs with additional revenues. The revenue gap the Premier League enjoys has enabled it to garner top players to strengthen their competitive advantages and perform exceptionally well in international matches. The English Football League’s current day format of â€Å"First – Second – Third and Fourth Divisions† (introduced in1958) has helped to bring Divisional Championships to a wider spectrum of Clubs however, the top Clubs maintain a stranglehold on the FA Cup. The system does promote those Clubs from the lower divisional levels through a system of points based upon standings and finish. This format has aided in fan interest to a degree as the seventy-two (72) Club league Playoff format encompasses a large contingent of Clubs and provides multiple Divisional championships. Club and League management, cognizant of parity and attendance issues(as well as revenue, costs and wages which will be discussed in latter sections), have taken varied actions to maintain and boost attendance. One measure has been the investment in new stadium facilities. Our modern day exposure to all manner of outside stimuli and influences through television, the movies, magazines and other media has spoiled us with regard to expectations. We are consistently being provided with images of new this and new that. From residences to office buildings, furnishings, clothes, and other manifestations, we love new things! Regardless that this is an outgrowth of marketing and commerce, people have always gravitated to what is new. League Clubs, in an effort to maintain as well as renew interest in their current fan base, also recognize the need to cultivate and attract new fans to fuel growth. New stadium facilities provide a sense of excitement and assist in: 1. Pre-Stadium Public Relations The idea for a new stadium creates ‘public buzz’ when the Club announces it is either considering or planning a new facility. The media coverage concerning all manner of stadium questions and concerns over the need for a new structure, its location, how it will impact upon the local economy and environment, how it will be financed, the design, cost and associated aspects creates months of media coverage. In the back rooms management creates strategies and plans to garner support and financing, and this enweaves like a long movie in the press. 2. On-going Media Coverage Regardless of whether the new stadium is truly needed or not, opposition voices help to provide additional media articles, other sides to the issue and comment. The Hollywood adage that there is no such thing as bad publicity still holds true. The Club is in front of its public! 3. Fan Interest It is difficult to conceive of a fan that does not secretly long to attend a match in a new stadium. Advances in today’s building techniques, materials, technological innovations such as giant screens, computer enhancements and designs all serve to fuel inner fires. Attending a match is entertainment, and who among us does not like to visit the newest movie theatre, test drive a new car, look at new homes, and window shop for clothes! Whether for or against, the proposal of a new stadium excites imaginations. 4. Attraction New facilities create attraction for fans and non-fans to visit the new stadium to examine and enjoy is accoutrements, even if it is only to drive by and experience it first-hand. New concessions, seats, viewing angles, scoreboards and big screen replays, help to induce fans to attend and come back to enjoy the facility, as well as to see and be seen. 5. Player Inducement Like it or not, soccer players tend to be spoiled prima donnas! In their defines, it does take a special type of personality as well as mindset to be a professional athlete and face the accolades along with public criticisms that accompany the glory. Identifying raw new talent for the League is a science of hit and miss, so most Clubs stock their teams by obtaining proven performers at the commensurate cost. The size of the contract offer is of course the primary inducement, but the type and newness of facilities does not hurt negotiations. The factors that aid in securing talent are as varied as the players themselves, thus those Clubs that are successful try to account for as many of these variables as possible. 6. External Media Influence The prospect of, as well as newly built facilities receive extensive media coverage in rival cities, sparking the question â€Å"why not us†, along with promoting the Club’s name. Fans from opposing teams tend to visit the stadium when their teams match up where in the past this might not have been a consideration. The allure of new stadium has been manifest by the number of Clubs that have completed or are starting new facilities and/or upgrading existing ones to address the appeal of this area. Interestingly this is being done in spite of the financial difficulties faced by most teams. The2001 / 2002 season saw a 12 million GBP increase in stadium investment over 2000 / 2001 (GBP 47 million and GBP 35 million respectively) Over the course of the previous ten (10) years this figure is in excess fob 400 million. The popularity of both Leagues are reflected in attendance figures, aided by cable television sparking match interest which approximated 27.8 million representing the highest level in thirty (30) years. More importantly English League figures have showman 8.5% increase over the 2000 / 20001 season and has increased 35%since the 1992 Premier League formation. The Premier League is still setting records, with attendance increases for the sixth consecutive campaign, and an average of 34,324 fans coming to matches, a rise of1,500 over 2000 / 20001. As one would imagine the First Division of the English Football League lead other Divisions in average stadium capacity recording 68% as compared against 47% for the Second Division and 42% for the Third Division. In spite of this 12 million seats remained empty. Cup attendance continued its upward trend by 12.2%. C. Operating Costs Increased attendance and additional television revenues are League bright spots (both the English and Premier), even in the face of a lack of parity. The costs of competing, however is another matter. To remain competitive or become competitive is the number one objective, and whenever too much demand chases after a limited number of players, the laws of supply and demand escalate. The major expense item negating operating profits is player salaries. During the 2000 / 2001 season twenty-seven (27) Clubs recorded Balance Sheets showing a negative. Seventeen (17) Clubs filed reports showing operating insolvency during2003 / 2003 as a result of escalating wage costs. The competition for star players to create match day impacts and bolster attendance has proven to be a defeating proposition that the League has addressed by new regulations which limits Clubs to spend no more than 75% of their total revenues in this area. Spiralling wage costs received a huge dose of sanity when the League’s TV Digital deal failed. These revenues were providing the Clubs with the needed extra budgetary room to close the gap between the League and the Premier Clubs. This development along with insolvency issues helped to bring about the wage cap (75%) modification to enable Clubs to get a grip on fiscal matters. With no new deals of the same financial magnitude to replace this lost revenue, the League consensus is that broadcast funds will remain flat, for now. And the damage, in terms of this lost revenue affects the lower ranked Clubs more as a result of their limited gate, merchandising and sponsorship opportunities, and Isa huge blow to financial stability. In addition, the lower ranking Divisions will have difficulties in appealing to advertisers thus further widening the revenue disparity. The pressure on the League and its Clubs to generate additional revenues is further exacerbated by the continued success of the Premier League in generating increased revenues, as well as the ability of its Clubs to obtain additional talent. And with the high wage costs for players in the Premier League, the added revenues from their cable deals a boon in aiding costs. Chapter 3 – Revenues Individual Club revenue is primarily generated from broadcasting, gate receipts and sponsorship / merchandising agreements. The differences in incomes as negotiated by the top level Clubs in relationship to lower level teams, even in the face of the new wage cap arrangement, will essentially not do anything to change the huge revenue gaps. The English Football League Division 1 Clubs in order to compete with the clout and financial muscle of the Premier League need to significantly increase their revenue streams on a League and Club basis in order to make some inroads on their dominance. The financial gulf between the Second, Third and Fourth Divisions is considerably larger concerning their respective abilities to improve upon this situation in view of their less marketable product. Marketability in this sense means the image the Clubs have cultivated and have with the general public in terms of viewer interest in seeing them perform. This translates into higher gate receipts and audience interest in televised games. Demand for stadium seats permits a Club to charge higher ticket prices as well as obtain in stadium banner advertising. The overall heightened public awareness, interest and television audiences also mean higher name recognition and thus puts an additional premium on merchandise sales and licensing deals. And while the general public rarely thinks about the commercial side of the product, the Leagues, Clubs, advertisers, sponsors, broadcast networks and financial backers do! Television is a mass medium that provides tremendous opportunities to reach the public and influence their thinking, as well as loyalties. The marketing of a Club goes beyond short term thinking, it follows the same pattern as all other marketing. Advertisers, which in a sense is what a Club does every match it plays, seek to influence the loyalty, behaviour and interest of all age groups. This includes those that are future customers – children and teenagers. How many times have you seen the latest craze among these groups wear the gear of losing teams! Certainly there are those that do, but, historically, these age groups are more concerned with associating with winners. The family tradition of supporting the hometown team is a product of past eras. The winning teams of today are marketing to the customers of tomorrow, as well as those of the present through winning, exposure, merchandising, television broadcast time, media buzz and appeal of star players along with the overall success of its operations. Just like in any other industry, be it vehicles, clothes, airlines, or a restaurant, the reputation for consistent quality over the long haul wins future customers. Not everyone can afford a Rolls but almost everyone would like one. A survey conducted by Silverman concerning ticket prices reveals that just 18% of the Clubs in Division 1 believe ticket revenue will increase to any appreciable degree over the coming two seasons. The optimism of Division 2 and 3 Clubs is more subdued as only 15% and 8%,respectively, take this view concerning gate prices. On average, attendance has run lower than Club projections with the continued success and dominance of the Premier League not contributing to help this area. Ticket sales in ‘that other League’ have continued to rise six seasons in a row even in the face of higher prices and reduced competitiveness. The lower level teams in the Premier League have also increased prices, but in their cases this strategy has resulted in either stagnant or lower attendance numbers. A. Broadcast Revenue The origin of the English Football League’s formation in 1888 was based upon organizing amateur Clubs that had been formed by voluntary associations, and local neighbourhood organizations as well as churches and companies, so that matches could be arranged. The rules varied and the sport was in the ‘rough and tumble’ mode whereby violent play was commonplace. Clubs such as Manchester United, West Ham and a few ot

Essay on Satire in Voltaires Candide -- Candide essays

Use of Satire in Voltaire’s Candide  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Voltaire successfully uses satire as a means of conveying his opinions about life.   In his novel, Candide, Voltaire satirizes the philosopher Liebnitz's philosophy that this is the best of all possible worlds.   In the novel, the perpetually optimistic and naive character, Candide, travels around the world, having various experiences that prove, at least to the reader, that evil does exist.      In one particular passage, Voltaire uses explicit diction, exaggerated details and manipulated syntax in order to contrast the optimist's romantic view of battle with the horrible reality that is war. Voltaire's grossly exaggerated details give a somewhat comical description of an otherwise horrible event.   "The cannons battered down about... ...between the ridiculous ideas of the optimist and the truth that only the realist could see.   His choice of syntax leaves the reader with unforgettable images of war that will have a lasting effect.   Through his clever satire, Voltaire urges the reader to be more practical rather than happily ignorant    Work Cited: Voltaire.   Candide.   Trans. Bair, Lowell.   New York: Bantam Books, 1988.

Benifits Of Trapping Essay -- essays research papers

Trapping Benefits   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the spring of 1996 Farmer Johnson's field was inundated with water. This high water level wasn't due to natural flooding or heavy rains but a well built line of mud, rocks and logs 200 feet long that crossed the river near his property. Beavers were the cause of this years crop failure. Farmer Johnson decided the best thing he could do was call the county trapper. The trapper came and removed most of the beavers and opened up the dam. The beavers, upon seeing the broken dam and losing the other beavers, decided to build downstream further where no one would be plagued by excess water. This shows just one example of how trapping can be beneficial.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to trappings benefits to the community, nature, and the individual trapper, it should be a welcomed outdoor activity. Trapping is the taking of wild fur bearing animals for the animal’s meat and the fur which is also called a pelt. These pelts are used to make clothing, shelters, and are sold for money. Trapping has a very long history going back to early anthropologic history and classic Native American cultures . Trapping was the main reason for the United States to be explored and settled by whites in the late 1700’s and early 1800’s as trappers and traders went west looking for beaver and other valuable furs(McCraken and Cleve 8-9). Trapping , when done ethically and responsibly, will provide these three compliments to those involved. First, it is a benefit to the surrounding ecosystem, secondly the trapper gains new knowledge and ideas, and thirdly the surrounding community gets the benefits from the trapper towards nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Those against trapping say it is too cruel and inhumane for the benefits it provides. Some people say trapping is past it’s time and we no longer have a need for the pelts animals provide, the benifits it provides, or the life that a trapper lives. Some even go so far as to say trapping can’t control a fur bearer population. Groups such as The People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals and Greenpeace do not agree with the idea of trapping due to their beliefs previously stated. Through the following supports I hope to prove the benefits will far outweigh the negatives and that it has a place in today’s society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The benefits to the trapper ar... ... don’t learn as fast or aren’t as cautious are removed so it has some of the same effects as natural selection. So the oppositions argument that trapping isn’t natural isn’t quite true. With trappers outdoors they would be one of the first ones to notice if something was out of place or out of balance within nature so that a disaster or change in animal habits can be noticed and averted if necessary. The trapping license dollars went towards habitat management such as 31,800 acres of prescribed burning and 109,000 acres of water level management(Minnesota 119). These certainly helped the very fur bearers which from which the monies came from. Trapping has a much greater impact on wildlife today than most people give it credit for but the supports contained within should disprove any doubts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As fellow animals we have a right to use what is here on this earth but as humans we have a great responsibility to not abuse the natural resources of the planet. When done properly trapping can have extensive positive effects on an environment. Hopefully we will continue to see trappers well into the twenty first century taking their place in the circle of life.

NLM Analysis :: essays research papers

Part I Logistic Business Transportation, Process to manufactures & 3 keys Shipper needs to ship product or goods by using Carrier to Receiver 3rd Party Logistics Provider / Service Shipper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Receiver   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Type of 3PLs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Asset-Based  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Non-Asset-Based Revenue   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   100%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   100% COGS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  80 – 85%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  70 - 74% Gross Profit Margin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15 – 20%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  26 – 30% Asset-Based: Owned its own fleet of transportation vehicles i.e. truck, airplanes, railroads and ocean freighters Non-Asset-Based: without any of their own physical assets. Freight Transportation Multiple shipments: air, water, truck, and rail  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Truck segment: Ryder, Penske, and Emery Freight to small owner-operated trucking firm  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In competition: smaller firms developed specialty service or served niche markets  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Large firms expanded into multiple modes of transport and provide service across a wide range  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All shipper demanded Goals be transported safety& timely fashion  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Price importance all companies (especially large, automakers) want to reduce cost of delivery to customer  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Big 3 automaker (Ford, GM, Daimler Chrysler) looking to better management of supply chain (the series of transaction & interaction between suppliers, buyers, and intermediaries) to minimize costs while improving quality  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All parties – manufacturers, 3PLs, suppliers – could participate in EDI (electronic data interchange) NLM Overview National Logistics Management is the only North American Third Party Logistics provider to specialize solely in premium freight for manufacturing industries, including automotive manufacturers. It is non-asset based and has a unique business model that employs its proprietary software to utilize the Internet to determine optimal shipping modes; export shipments to its vast carrier base including ground, air freight, and air charter; receive bids back form its carrier network; evaluate the lowest bids and carrier quality ratings; and coordinate shipments based on best price and carrier quality ratings all within a 30-minute window. Company profile Founded in 1991 Over 1.3 Million shipments successfully managed. Network in North America: 200+ Assembly and Manufacturing Plants 6,800+ Suppliers and 300+ Ground, Air Freight, and Air Charter Carriers Financial Information †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1999 Revenues:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $ 7.3million No debt †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Total share:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $ 825 million (10% MKT Share) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Employee:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  111 –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  65 in Detroit, Michigan Office –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  36 Logistic coordinators & Supervisors –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 Audit Team –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 Marketing & Business Development –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 IT Team Business Model Business to Business NLM to Big 3 automaker (Ford, GM, Daimler Chrysler) NLM manages the return of containers to over 130 suppliers throughout North America. The returnable container program is part of an industry-wide greening strategy to reduce landfill use and decrease production-source pollution. Suppliers ship their products to the plant in returnable, reusable plastic containers. Most containers are returned to the suppliers within a 12-24 hour period. NLM determines release quantities and ship frequencies for containers and monitors supplier inventories.

Predicting the Products of Double Replacement Reactions Essay

Introduction – A double replacement reaction is a chemical reaction between two compounds where the positive ion of one compound is exchanged with the positive ion of another compound. If you have the reactants of two reaction solution that you can determine the products. All you need to do is pair the positive parts of the compounds with the other compounds negative part. Once you find the products you can determine their phase of matter by using Table H. You can also use Table F to determine the solubility guidelines for aqueous solutions. If the product falls under soluble or exceptions to insoluble it is in the aqueous stare. If the product falls under insoluble or exception to soluble it is a precipitate. Once you have completed those steps you can determine if a equation went to completion or not. In order for a reaction to go to completion it must have one of the following three things. First, a gas is produced. This gas is usually H2, O2, or CO2. Secondly, a covalent compound (such as water) is formed. Finally, a precipitate (solid) is formed. When none of those things happen it is considered to be â€Å"no reaction.† When one of those things does happen the reaction is considered to be â€Å"completed.† It is considered to be completed because all of the reagents in the sample have completely reacted out. Purpose – The purpose of this lab was to be able to predict the phase of matter after a double replacement reaction, what the products were, and if the reaction was completed or not. Materials and Methods – †¢.1 M NaCl †¢.1 M AgNO3 †¢.1 M Na3PO4 †¢.1 M NaOH †¢.1 CuSO4 †¢Five droppers †¢Spot Plate †¢Pen/Pencil †¢Paper †¢Goggles †¢Apron Safety Precautions – †¢Wear goggles and apron at all time while inside the lab. †¢You may use rubber gloves o protect your hands from the chemicals that will be used in the lab. †¢If any chemical gets on your skin tell the teacher right a way and thoroughly rinse it with water. †¢If any chemicals happen to get into your eye use the eye wash bottle or the emergency eye wash station. †¢Make sure you wear closed shoes in the lab. †¢No horse playing or inappropriate behavior in the lab. †¢When the lab is complete dispose of the chemicals correctly and place them correctly on the drying rack. Procedure – First, using a spot plate, place five drops of NaCl solution into wells I and IV, five drops of NaOH into wells II and V, and five drops of Na3PO4 into wells III and VI. Next, using the diagrams listed on the lab sheet, add five drops of CuSO4 to wells I, II, and III and five drops of AgNO3 to wells IV, V, and VI. Finally, note any color changes or precipitates formed and record your observations. Observations and Data – I. Appearance before: Clear liquid state. After: Still liquid state, light blue color. II. Appearance before: Clear liquid state. After: Changed to solid state, dark blue. III. Appearance before: Clear/transparent liquid state. After: Solid state, light blue. IV. Appearance before: Clear liquid state. After: White, cloudy, solid state. V. Appearance before: Clear liquid state. After: Cloudy, bits of pieces, brownish, solid state. VI. Appearance before: Clear and bubbly. After: Yellow, cloudy, precipitate present, solid state. Question – 1.Soluble means a substance is able to be dissolved, esp. in water. 2.Insoluble means a substance is incapable of being dissolved. 3.When the symbol (aq) is placed next to an ionic compound it means any solution in which water (H2O) is the solvent. 4.A precipitate is to form an insoluble compound either by reacting two salts or by changing the temperature to affect the solubility of the compound. Also it is the name given to the solid that is formed as a result of a precipitation reaction. 5.You can identify a precipitate when it is written in a reaction if there is a (s) next to one of the reactants or products. If that (s) symbolizing a solid is not present you will have to look at Table F. Table F shows ions that form soluble/insoluble compounds. If the product/reactant falls under insoluble or the soluble exception column it is a precipitate. You can identify a precipitate in a reaction if the reactant or product is in solid form. 6. Balanced equation and state: a.No Reaction b.NaOH + CuSO4 –> Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 (s) c.2Na3PO4 + 3CuSO4 –> 3Na2SO4 + Cu3(PO4)2 (s) d.NaCl + AgNO3 –> NaNO3 + AgCl (s) e.NaOH + AgNO3 –> NaNO3 + AgOH (s) f.Na3PO4 + AgNO3 –> NaNO3 + Ag3PO4 (s) Conclusion – The main idea of this experiment is that if you have the reactants of a double replacement reaction that you should be able to find out several things. First, you can figure out the products from switching the positive ion with the other positive ion. Once you have found the products you can determine the phase of matter they are in from Table F and H. Finally, you can also determine whether the reaction went to completion or not. The observations and data above leads me to believe that our experiment is valid. We were very careful and observant of the directions that needed to be taken. Once source of error could have been that certain substances were placed in the wrong wells, causing your data to stray from the correct information. One way this experiment could be applied to a real life situation is he residue in the bottom of a glass in your bathroom. There is stuff dissolved in water, and any trace of water left in a glass will eventually evaporate and leave the residue. Another example can be found if you have ever been to a salt marsh along the ocean, you will see lots of salt deposits, which are just precipitated salt from the ocean water. One improvement that can be done to the lab so that students obtain more valid information is having bigger wells. This way students can see which solutions they are mixing and observe the reaction better. From learning it in class on the smart board to actually seeing the reaction using chemicals, this lab has really helped me further understand how double replacement reactions work, and what can be learned when all you have are the products.

Crime and Voilence in Jamamica Essay

The Primary Factors Contributing to Crime and Violence in Jamaica. Jamaica is a society which has been affected by crime and violence over the past years, and is continuously been affect by this phenomenal. Crime and violence involves the intent or use of psychological and physical force or power against oneself or another to do harm (Hoffman, 2009). Jamaica is a country plagued by crime and violence, especially in urban areas. Jamaica since 1977 has become the Caribbean nation with the highest homicide rate in its citizenry and continues to hold this position (Harriott, 2007.) The primary contributing factors for crime and violence in Jamaica is a challenge to identify as crime and violence can thrive in so many environments. However the proximate or primary factors can be classified as; corruption, demographics, unemployment, destabilized family, weak justice system, an interconnecting network of criminal gangs, drugs running, politics and the police. According to Harriott, Demographics are a background factor which is contributing to crime and violent in Jamaica. In Jamaica the age group 15-29 is held responsible for most of the violent crimes committed within the country. In particular males in this age group are the prime offenders, they are also prime victims. Over the past years the age group 15-29 has being expanding rapidly. As a result the factor behind our high crime rate is the huge population of ages 15 -29. Due to this high percentage in the age group 15-25 there is an increase in juvenile and violent crime especially where there is the availability of guns. Harriott further stated that we currently experiencing the worst demographic factor for m 1985, and this will continue until 2020 where we are expected to see an 87 per cent decline of its 1995 size. Urbanization is the second factor, which in order to understand the demographics factors one must associate the two factors. Coming from being 30 per cent urban in 1960, Jamaica was about 60 per cent urban in the year 2000. There is also a process of secondary urbanization in St James (3.7 per cent), Mandeville (3.1 per cent), St Ann (2.4 per cent), and Kingston and St Andrew (2.3 per cent) which had the largest percentage increase in population between 1996 and 1998. From these figures above one can say that there is a decline in the rural population and an increase growth for secondary urbanization, in the tourist and bauxite towns of Montego Bay, Mandeville, and Ocho Rios. All parish capitals are experiencing urbanizations; as a result the high risk group (ages 15-29) is being increasingly compacted in dense, poor, urban neighborhoods, (Slums). This problem points to potential for high crimes rates in Kingston and St Andrew and St Catherine, which is also exported to other developing urban centers. High rate of youth employment is also one of the leading factors of crime and violent in Jamaica. The rate of unemployment in Jamaica is 17.5 per cent. . Unemployment in Jamaica especially among Jamaican teen leads to poverty, idleness, low self-esteem, frustration, and eventually crime and violence according to Don Anderson survey. Employment is seen as the way to survive so without work youths tends to be weaken and consequently this leads to idleness, which leads to badness, gang wars, and crime and violence. Youths also admits that they would have less time and energy to steal and commit other crimes if they were working. Harriott stated that in 1998 the unemployment rate for 14-29 age groups was 26.5 per cent. This rate consists of 18.9 per cent young males, and 35 per cent young females. (Anderson 1998). The unemployment rate for young males (14-29) in Kingston Metropolitan Area was 17.8 per cent in 1998, compared to 26.5 per cent in other towns and 17 per cent in rural areas. In St A Andrew and Kingston there is a pressure on young males for economic support form baby mothers, mothers, siblings and other family members. This is one of the reasons for robbery, car theft, pick pocketing in the Corporate Area. (Gayle 1999). The high unemployment rate in other rapidly urbanizing inner-city areas such as Ocho Rios, May Pen, Mandeville, Montego Bay and Savanna-la-mar, also will lead to crime disaster as in Kingston and St Andrew. Employment is seen as very beneficiary and not been employed in Jamaica especially its youths can lead to crime and violence among males, and teenage pregnancy and dependency on men, abuse and domestic violence for female. Destabilized family structure including poor parenting can also be look at as a factor that contributes to crime and violence in Jamaica. Jamaican society has been often referred to as a matrifocal society. Many families are female headed households without the presence of a male figure. Children from these household manifest a number of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, including sadness, depression, delinquency, aggression, sex role difficulties, early initiation of sexual activity and teen pregnancy, as well as poor social and adoptive functioning and low self-esteem. The absence of guidance in parental or societal role models leaves a gap which is filled by peer groups, particular among men. According to the Grace Kennedy Foundation lecture (1991), ‘peer group’ actually replaces mother and fathers as the controlling agents. Traditional role models become replaced by gun and this result in the emergence of Dons and Robin hoods. Low self-esteem is also a consequence of poor parenting. Youths with low self-esteem carve respect from peers and others, and if been disrespected this can fuel problems among individuals. Harriott however stated that countering this however is the gun, which notes â€Å"the ultimate guarantor of respect†. With this in view the inner-city don become role model for youths, ‘not only because of their ability to command and dispense largess, but Corruption is also a crucial primary factor. According to Harriott, police that reduce unjust inequalities are likely to reduce some categories of violent crime, but research findings cast some doubts that in Jamaica they would have contribute to the murder rate due to corruption. Transparency international, measured the degree to which corruption exist among public officials and politicians, and produce an annual corruption index. For 2005 Jamaica attained a score of 3.6 out of 10 and rank 64 out of 159 countries surveyed. Organizational crime in Jamaica has been facilitated by corruption, relationship between ordinary criminal gangs and the major political institutions. Harriott further stated that gangs are key pla yers in the processes of political mobilization on the streets, securing electoral victories, and in consolidating power -often because of their hold on communities of the urban poor. This relationship leads to a flourishing of corruption, and plunder of the resources of the state. Corruption facilitates serious crimes, and endemic corruption, ensures the freedom of action to build successful criminal enterprises. This is most problematic and yet most evident in police service where corruption is endemic and institutionalized. From interviews which were conducted by Special Task on Crime selected JFC personnel from different ranks expressed the view that the majority of their senior officers were corrupt within the Force. Some of these corrupt practices among members of the force include: Contract killing or â€Å"murder for hire, tampering with biological exhibits, e.g. urine samples, dropping charges, including serious offences, planting evidence, providing escort for illegal drugs etc. A weak Criminal Justice System also facilitates criminal activities within the country. Where there are high levels of corruption and influence easily immunizes high-end criminals against police action. This is certainly the case in Jamaica. Moreover, the criminal justice system is, in one respect, antiquated and overload and thus unable to effectively respond to the more sophisticated criminal groups. Harriott stated that associated institutions, including the existing body of laws, are also, in some respects, antiquate for dealing with crime. The case-load of the investigative units of the police is a good indicator of the degree of immunity from law enforcement (not crime-fighting) that is enjoyed by criminals. For effectiveness, the number of investigators should be greater than the number of cases to be investigated. Instead, a single divisional homicide investigator is, for example, burdened with a case-load of twelve to fifteen homicides, and this was in 2000(PERF 2001,49). Not surprisingly, in 2004, the clear-up rate for murder 9 the number of arrests as a percentage of all reported murders) was 44.8 per cent, and the clear-up rate of violent crimes, that is, the most serious offence against person (murder, shootings, rape and robbery aggregated) was 39.8 per cent (PIOJ2005, 24.30). For serious crimes, the clear-up rates are poor, and given the case-loads ratios, the conviction rates are unsurprisingly low. In the case of murder, the conviction rate is estimates at less than 20 per cent. As a result the justice system in Jamaica is very weak in frightening against crime. Jamaica can be described as an interconnecting network of criminal gangs, drugs running, politics and the police. Therefore Gangs, Drugs and Politics can also be discussed as primary contributing factors to crime and violence in Jamaica. There are about forty- nine active gangs in Jamaica, but only a small number (14 per cent) are highly organized. According to Harriott the highly organized gangs are deeply involved in the following activities: trafficking cocaine, marijuana and crack, both locally and overseas. It is also said that there is a significant Colombian drugs activity in Jamaica. Another major criminal activity for criminal gangs is protection and extortion rackets in business district in Inner-city areas. Business places pay funds to gangs in order for security, that their business and their customers are not robbed. This money is an important source of income for violent criminal gangs. According to Harriott this is extortion, which is a contributor to violent crimes in Kingston and St Andrew. It is also claimed that highly organized gangs operate a quasi-judicial system, complete with â€Å"hearing† witness and a rough schedule of punishment, including incarceration and the death penalty. Theses criminal gangs are also allegedly engaged in the large scale illegal importation of goods such as red peas, onio ns and cooking oil. Harriott stated that is may not directly constitute violent crime, nonetheless strengthens these groups economically, weakens legitimate firms, etc. major gangs are said to be connected to the major political parties. This relationship between gang and political parties stands to be beneficial to both sides. In election gangs secure votes for political parties, and keep the peace during civil disturbances, which the most important benefit for gang’s from political parties is protection from police. According to Harriott the main criminal gangs and the political parties have major stake in maintaining the existing corrupt relationship. Jamaica has been significantly affected by violence and crime. Violent crimes are one of Jamaica’s major issues, for the past twenty year. According to Harriott the country has experience an overwhelming increase in murders and related assaults. The World Bank noted that crime is undermining growth, threatening human welfare, and impeding social development. Therefore the government and citizens of Jamaica has to take serious measures to reduce or eliminate the primary factors contributing to crime and violence. According to Harriott the only long term sustainable solution to the violent crimes problem in Jamaica is the recovery of the formal economy. Therefore the government must continue its programme of macroeconomic management. This may have short term negative social consequences, but in the end will lead to more job creation and a reduction in crime. Harriott further stated that the government must embark on a programme, however limited of formal economic activities in the inner city. The government could also develop a programme of physical upgrading in the inner city. This could involve fixing drains, improving sanitation, roads surfaces and housing, and beautification. This could add real value to properties in the inner city, as well as generating employment and improving the already and demoralizing physical environment. The failure of the educational system, for both the employed and unemployed have to be rectified also. One the government needs to find the causes of the high male drop- out rate. The NPC could also develop a special task force on education and training, and a mandate to begin the necessary and urgent programme of restructuring and reprogramming. The most immediate measure which can be taken by the government is to control gun and ammunition. Reference Government of Jamaica. (2007). National Security Policy – Towards a Secure and Prosperous Nation. Kingston: Government of Jamaica. Gutierrez, I. M. (2009). Development and implementation of crime and violence observatories: A tool for public policy. III Inter-American Forum on Violence Prevention and Citizen Security: Addressing Crime and Violence in the Latin American and Caribbean Region. Kingston. Jamaica: Jamaica Conference Centre. Harriott, A. D. (2008). Bending the trend line: The challenge of controlling violence in Jamaica and the high violence societies of the Caribbean. Harriott, A.D.(2008). Organized Crime and Politics in Jamaica: Breaking the Nexus. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press. Harriott, A.D. Understanding Crime in Jamaica; New challenges for public policy. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press. Hoffman, J. S. (2009). Engaging citizens in crime and violence prevention: Emerging approaches. III Inter- in American Forum on Violence Prevention and Citizen Security: Addressing Crime and Violence the Latin American and Caribbean Region. Kingston, Jamaica: Jamaica Conference Centre. McLean, J., Harriott, A., Ward, E., Buchannan, J., and Karia, R. 2008. Jamaica Community-Based Policing Assessment. Kingston: Jamaica Constabulary Force and USAID.